進化する統合基幹業務（ERP）システム：調達、生産そして流通が世界規模で行われる今

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レポートの概要

先進国の製造業者は生産拠点を比較的コストを抑えられる発展途上国に移しながら、国際競争で生き残り、勝ち抜こうとしてきました。調達、生産そして流通までの過程が世界規模で行われるようになり、製造業者には様々な課題が浮上してきました。こうした業界の変化に対応するために誕生した企業向けソフトウェアが、物流向け統合基幹業務（ERP）システムです。

Introduction

Over the past fifty years, manufacturing has changed from¹ individual companies producing and distributing their own products, to a global network of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors. Efficiency, price, and quality are being scrutinized² in the production of each product. Because of this global network, manufacturers are competing on a worldwide scale, and they have moved their production to countries where the costs of labor and capital are low in order to gain the advantages they need to compete.

1. change from A to B： AからBへと変わる、ここでのAはindividual companies producing and distributing their own products、Bはa global network of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributorsにあたる
2. scrútinize：詳細に調べる

Today, the complex manufacturing environment faces many challenges. Many products are manufactured in environments where supplies come from different parts of the world. The components¹ to be used in supply chain manufacturing are transported across the globe to different manufacturers, distributors, and third party logistics (3PL) providers². The challenges for many manufacturers have become how to track³ supply chain costs and how to deal with manufacturing costs throughout the production of goods. Software vendors, however, are now addressing these manufacturing challenges by developing new applications.

1. compónent：（製品を構成する）部品
2. third party logístics (3PL) províders：企業にロジスティックスを提供する第三者的存在の物流会社。物流サービス専門業者のこと。
3. track：追跡する、跡をたどる
4. addressing these manufacturing challenges：addressは、取り組む、対処する、challengeは難関、課題の意味。つまり、これらの製造業者の課題に取り組む、という意味。

The Economic Shift¹

Global competition has played a key role in industrialized countries shifting from being production-oriented² economies to service-based³ economies. Manufacturers in North America, Western Europe, and other industrialized nations have adapted to the shift by redesigning⁴ their manufacturing production into⁴ a distribution and logistics industry, and the skills of the labor force have changed to reflect this transition. Developing countries have similarly changed their manufacturing production environments to reflect current demands; they are accommodating the production of goods in industries where manufacturers have chosen to move their production offshore⁵—the textile industry⁶ being a prime example of this move.

1. èconómic shift:経済面での方向転換、事態の変化
2. production-óriented:生産中心の
3. service-based: サービス中心の
4. rèdesígn A into B: AをBに企画し直す
5. óffshóre: オフショア、海外で
6. téxtile índustry: 繊維、紡績産業

A report from the US Census Bureau¹ titled Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries: 2005 and another from Statistics Canada² titled Wholesale Trade: The Year 2006 in Review indicate that wholesalers³ are changing their business models to become distributors as opposed to manufacturers. Between 2002 and 2005, overall labor and capital in the manufacturing sectors decreased substantially. US industry data (from about 10 years ago) indicates that the North American manufacturing industry was engaged in 80 percent manufacturing processes and only 20 percent distribution activities. Today, however, these percentages have changed dramatically; the current trend is in the opposite direction. Manufacturing processes account for⁴ around 30 percent of the industry processes, and wholesale and distribution activities, approximately 70 percent.

1. US Cénsus Búreau：米国勢調査局http://www.census.gov/
2. Statístics Canada：カナダ統計局http://www.statcan.ca/
3. whólesàlers：ここでは、製品の組み立てなど、製造業の一部も担うところを含めた卸売業者を指しています
4. account for：～の割合を占める

In addition, a report from the National Association of Manufacturers¹ indicates that the US economy imports $1.3 trillion (USD) worth of manufactured goods, but exports only $806 billion (USD) worth of goods manufactured in the US. This negative trade balance is a clear indication of the changing economic trend toward the manufacturing of goods in low-cost labor nations.

1. National Association of Mànufácturers：全米製造業者協会 http://www.nam.org/

Figure 1: Evidence of a declining manufacturing industry in the G7 countries (from Forfas¹'s The Changing Nature of Manufacturing and Services: Irish Trends and International Context, July 2006)

1. Forfas：産業振興、貿易、科学技術や革新に関するアイルランドの国立諮問機関

In figure 1, the horizontal axis¹ represents the year time line, and the vertical axis² represents the percentage change in the number of people working in each indicated industry.

1. hòrizóntal áxis：横軸
2. vértical áxis：縦軸

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The main reason for this huge manufacturing shift is the increasing operating costs of production¹ in industrialized countries². These rising costs are forcing manufacturers to move their production to developing nations³ because of the low cost of labor in these countries. This includes Asian countries (such as China and Indonesia) as well as Eastern European countries (such as the Czech Republic and Slovakia).

1. óperating costs of production： 生産に関わる費用
2. indústrialized countries：先進工業国
3. devéloping nations：発展途上国

Figure 1 illustrates the number of workers (in percentages) in specified industries in G7 countries¹, and uses 1980 as the base year with 100 percent full employment in each industry. The industries with relatively constant rates² of employment are the food and drink and the tobacco industries. Since 1995, all other industries have been maintaining less and less manufacturing employees, as indicated by the declining slopes³ in the graph. The shift in the textiles and leather, metals, and other manufacturing industries is moving toward production of goods in low-wage, developing countries.

1. G7 countries：先進7カ国（米国、英国、ドイツ、フランス、日本、カナダ、イタリア）
2. cónstant rate：一定の割合
3. declíning slope：下降線。declineは「下に傾斜すする」、slopeは「傾斜」の意味

Results of the Shifting Manufacturing Industry

Manufacturing is a global industry, and although a manufacturing company may be based in an industrialized country, it may have the bulk of¹ its manufacturing facilities in a developing country. Producing goods in such a country reduces wage and capital costs for the manufacturer; however, some manufacturing control is lost in² offshore production. Shipping, distribution, and rental costs, for example, are often difficult to track and manage, and quality control can be compromised in³ a production environment that is not local.

1. the bulk of：～の大部分は、大半は
2. lose in：（海外での製造活動のため、製造業務の管理）力が弱化する
3. cómpromise in：～に妥協する

Two main outcomes¹ can be seen within the manufacturing industry because of this manufacturing shift: manufacturers have a sense of having relinquished control² of their production to low-cost labor nations, and supply chain management (SCM)³ has now become the answer to manufacturing within industrialized nations.

1. óutcome：結果
2. relínquished control：管理不可能であるとあきらめる
3. supply chain management (SCM)：サプライチェーン管理、供給連鎖管理

Suppliers that provide components to manufacturers often have issues with quality. Being part of a large network of suppliers, each supplier tries to offer the lowest prices for its products when bidding to¹ manufacturers. Although a supplier may win the bid², its products may not be up to standard, and this can lead to the production of faulty goods³. Therefore, when using offshore suppliers, quality issues, product auditing⁴, and supplier auditing become extremely important.

1. bid to：値を付ける、入札する
2. win the bid：落札する
3. faulty goods：欠陥商品
4. áuditing：監視、検査

Because the manufacturing model is changing, manufacturing has become more of a service-based industry than a pure manufacturing industry. Even though the physical process of manufacturing hasn't changed, the actual locations of where the goods are being produced have. This fact is now compelling industrialized countries to engage in more assembly driven activities¹—a service-based model. The manufacturing process has transformed into obtaining parts and reassembling them into the final product. The final product is then redistributed throughout the appropriate channel or to the consumer. SCM methods are now reacting to this change as well; they are taking into account final assembly needs, and they are distributing particular products to consumers or manufacturers.

1. assémbly driven activity：組み立て型業務

SCM is becoming the norm for manufacturers in the industrialized world. Offshoring¹ is now standard practice, and methods such as SCM have been set up² to deal with these economic and logistical business realities.

1. óffshoring：オフショアリング、海外に外注すること
2. set up：設ける、設定する

The economic shift happening in both industrialized and developing countries is dramatic¹. As the level of management knowledge increases, better methods of constructing offshore products are available in SCM solutions. In both types of economies, the changes in the labor force skill sets and manufacturing environments have consequently led to new software solutions² being developed in order to manage this dramatic change.

1. dramátic：著しい
2. solútion：ソリューション。業務上の問題を解決し、要求を満たすための情報システム。通常、ソフト・ハードウェア製品とサービスを合わせたものをいう。

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ERP - Distribution: The Answer to the Manufacturing Shift

Within the software industry, many SCM and enterprise resource planning (ERP) vendors are following the economic shift. They are developing new functionality—ERP - distribution software¹—to meet the recent demands and needs of the changing manufacturing and distribution industries.

1. ERP – distribútion software：物流向けERPソフトウェア

SCM and ERP software are converging to¹ better address these new demands in the manufacturing industry. In the enterprise software market, ERP software vendors have reached a point of saturation²; their installs are slowing down and they are seeing a reduction in sales. Therefore, ERP providers are developing new functionality in order to remain competitive with other ERP vendors, in addition to looking for new opportunities. ERP vendors are trying to adapt to the changing market in order to increase their revenues. They are integrating SCM functionality into their ERP offerings, creating ERP - distribution software that can span the entire production process across many continents (if necessary), and that is able to track final goods, components, and materials.

1. convérge to：統合する、集結する、ここでは、SCMとERPが統合される、の意味
2. a point of sàturátion： 飽和点。つまり、ERPソフトの売れが最高潮に達したことため、成長率が低下し、今後の売り上げの伸びがあまり期待できないことを意味する。

Traditional ERP solutions included some SCM functionality, which was needed to distribute the companies' produced goods. These systems also allowed components and parts to be imported in order to assemble these goods. But offshore manufacturing and expansion into new markets has required SCM functionality in ERP software to be extended. Some larger vendors have acquired¹ other companies in order to meet these changing demands. For example, Oracle² acquired G-Log³, a transportation management systems (TMS)⁴ vendor and Agile⁵, a product lifecycle management (PLM)⁶ vendor; and Activant⁷ acquired Intuit Eclipse⁸.

1. acquíre：買収する
2. Óracle：オラクル社、1977年に設立された企業向けソフトウェアのベンダー（米国、カルフォニア州）
3. G-Log：Global Logistics Technologies Inc.、サプライチェーン管理を対象としたソフトウェア・ベンダー（米国、コネチカット州）、2005年にオラクルに買収される
4. trànsportátion management systems (TMS)：輸配送管理システム
5. Ágile: 製品ライフサイクル管理（PLM）を専門とするソフトウェア・ベンダー(米国、カルフォルニア州)、2007年にオラクルに買収される
6. product lifecycle management (PLM)：プロダクトライフサイクル・マネジメント 、製品ライフサイクル管理、製品のすべての過程を包括的に管理する手法
7. Activant ：Activant Solutions Inc.、1972年に設立された企業向けソフトウェアを専門とするベンダー（米国、カルフォルニア州)
8. Íntuit Eclípse：1991年に設立された卸売業向けソフトウェアを販売するベンダー（米国、コネチカット州）

1. encróach：侵入する、侵害する

ERP - distribution software has integrated SCM functionality into its existing functionality to navigate through the complex global manufacturing environment. SCM software maps five processes into one solution: planning, sourcing¹ (obtaining materials), producing, delivering, and returning final products if defective². These processes help to track and manage the goods throughout their entire life cycles. In addition, ERP solutions are used to manage the entire operations of an organization, not only a product's life cycle. This gives users the broad capability to manage operations and use the SCM functionality to manage the movement of goods, whether components or finished product.

1. sóurcing：ソーシング、（社外、外国からの）部品調達
2. deféctive：欠陥のある、不備のある

With the ability to gain accurate inventory visibility and SCM production, ERP - distribution software is able to see the whole chain of manufacturing and distribution events, from supplier to manufacturer, all the way to the final consumer. Figure 2 illustrates this process.

Figure 2: The merging of a distribution and manufacturing business model

Figure 2 depicts¹ three business models. The first is the SCM model, which includes the manufacturing process. The second is the retail model, which is the distribution of final products to the consumer, business, or retailer. The third model is a combination of the first two business models, joined by the ERP - distribution software solution into one seamless² process.

1. depíct：描写する
2. séamless：途切れのない、シームレスな

Within the SCM process, goods can either be brought in¹ (imported) through foreign manufacturers, or acquired locally. The goods are then given to a distributor, 3PL provider, or wholesaler in order to reach the final client.

1. bring in：運び入れる、搬入する。ここでは輸入する、の意味で使われている

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Within the retail model, the products are taken from a distributor, 3PL provider, or wholesaler, and are distributed to the appropriate person. Note that there is a "shift" for the consumer. This is to indicate that through the Internet or other forms of technology, consumers are now able to buy directly from distributors. The power of the consumer has changed; where manufacturers once provided products to consumers, consumers are now creating demand, and manufacturers have to meet that demand.

SCM solutions (as seen in figure 2) focus on the relationship between the supplier and manufacturer. However, ERP - distribution software has taken functionality from SCM software and combined it with retail software (such as point-of-sale¹ and e-commerce² solutions); it is now able to span across the entire supply chain and to track goods along the complete manufacturing process.

1. póint-of-sále： 販売時点での情報管理、POS
2. é-còmmerce：電子商取引

Figure 2 is a simplified view of the complexities of today's manufacturing processes. These complexities have made it crucial for trading partners to unite with manufacturers in order to help alleviate¹ the frustrations that can occur within this global network. Specifically, trading partners are coming together with manufacturers to unite services, products, and customer experience so that business processes (such as manufacturing and distribution) become more efficient and that goods can move through these processes with minimal problems.

1. alléviate：緩和する、軽減する

Emerging Opportunities for Revenue

SCM can be thought of as the management of "warehousing¹ processes," in which the movement of goods occurs through multiple warehouses or manufacturing facilities. Tracking the costs of moving products and components through the maze² of warehousing and manufacturing facilities is a tricky process, and many organizations lose money at each warehousing step.

Within the flow of goods in the manufacturing sector, the warehouse is a crucial part of the supply chain. Traditionally, the warehouse has been a source of frustration because the manufacturer or supplier pays for the use of the warehouse (whether owned or rented by the company). This leads to two possible scenarios³: 1) the costs of the warehouse are incurred⁴ by a 3PL or manufacturing company, or 2) the costs are passed from one warehouse to another warehouse, and the original warehouse charges for these costs.

1. wárehouse：倉庫に収納管理する
2. maze： 迷路（倉庫や製造施設の中の作業手順や動きの複雑さを表したもの）
3. scenário：（予想できる）展開
4. incúr：発生する

The typical warehouse process includes the following steps: receiving, put away¹, picking², kitting³, packing, repacking, cross-docking⁴, and shipping. ERP - distribution software is able to track costs across the entire organization and to aid companies in reducing costs that were previously tough to track.

1. put away：保管する
2. picking：ピッキング、仕分け
3. kitting：キッティング、キット（組み立てセット）にして包装する
4. cross-docking：クロス・ドッキング、入荷した商品を在庫せずに仕分し、出荷すること

As seen in figure 2, an ERP - distribution system encompasses¹ the entire production of the final good. The ERP - distribution system is able to include inventory visibility from points "A to Z²" (start to finish) and to track each warehouse cost from supplier to manufacturer to user, whether consumer, business, or retailer.

1. encómpass：含む
2. A to Z：初めから終わりまで、すべて

The Final Word

ERP - distribution software has been developed to meet the growing needs of the manufacturing and distribution industries. The capabilities incorporated into the software work across entire organizations, and even across continents.

Because of the economic shift in the manufacturing industry, the emergence of new software has been vital¹ for businesses to stay competitive, meet the industry demands and emerging shift, and to keep business processes efficient to gain better profit margins².

1. vítal：きわめて重要な、必須の
2. prófit màrgin：利鞘、利益（率）

ERP - distribution software is able to track the processes of manufacturing goods and distributing components, even if the manufacturer has facilities in North America and the Far East. With the SCM component in ERP software, manufacturing and tracking goods becomes manageable. Distributors and manufacturers can now work together in order to better meet customer requirements.

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記事番号：RN_ER_DB_07_30_07_1_JA

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